Hypothalamus-pituitary connection and the functions

 

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• Hypothalamus (Master Control Center):
  • Regulates most endocrine functions.
  • Located in the diencephalon, above the brainstem.
• Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis):
  • Connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.
  • Divided into two parts:
    • Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) – Interacts via blood vessels (hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system).
    • Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) – Interacts via neurons (hypothalamo-hypophysial tract).
• Anterior Pituitary Function:
  • Regulated by hypothalamic hormones:
    • Releasing Hormones: Stimulate secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
    • Inhibiting Hormones: Suppress secretion of hormones.
  • Example:
    • Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) → Stimulates secretion of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) → Regulates the thyroid gland.
• Posterior Pituitary Function:
  • Produces no hormones itself.
  • Stores and releases hormones synthesized by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus:
    • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or Vasopressin):
      • Increases water retention by kidneys.
      • Constricts blood vessels.
    • Oxytocin:
      • Stimulates smooth muscle contraction (reproductive tracts).
      • Stimulates milk ejection in lactating mothers.
• Connections:
  • Hypothalamo-Hypophysial Portal System: Blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
  • Hypothalamo-Hypophysial Tract: Neurons connecting the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.