Parathyroid Glands Overview 부갑상선

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Parathyroid Glands Overview

Parathyroid Glands Overview

Narrator: "The small parathyroid glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. There are usually four parathyroid glands, although the number varies between two and six. They are supplied by the inferior thyroid arteries."

• The thyroid gland is shown encasing the trachea and partially surrounding the esophagus near the neck's base.
• From the posterior view, a gap reveals four parathyroid glands: two on each side of the thyroid.
• Inferior thyroid arteries supply these glands.

Parathyroid Gland Cells

Narrator: "Parathyroid glands are composed of two cell types, chief cells or principal cells, which synthesize parathyroid hormone, and oxyphil cells whose function is unknown."

• A cross-sectional view of a parathyroid gland highlights:
  • Chief cells (majority): Synthesizing parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  • Oxyphil cells: Scattered alone or in groups (function unknown).

 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Function

Narrator: "Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels. PTH raises calcium levels in several ways. It promotes resorption of calcium from bone tissue, increases resorption of calcium in the kidneys to reduce urinary loss, and stimulates synthesis of calcitriol, which enhances calcium absorption in the small intestine."

• A diagram connects the parathyroid glands, heart, bones, kidneys, and intestines.
• Pathway of PTH: Parathyroid glands → Heart → Other tissues.
• Calcium resorption/absorption sites:
  • Bones: PTH promotes calcium release.
  • Kidneys: Prevents calcium loss via urine.
  • Intestines: Calcitriol aids calcium absorption.

List – PTH Effects:

• Resorption of calcium from bone.
• Resorption of calcium in kidneys.
• Absorption of calcium in intestines.

Hyperparathyroidism

Narrator: "Excess PTH secretion, hyperparathyroidism, may lead to bone fractures due to reduced calcium, kidney stones, psychological changes such as depression, muscular weakness, or cardiac arrest if blood calcium levels are too high."

List – Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms:

• Bone fractures.
• Kidney stones.
• Depression.
• Muscular weakness.
• Cardiac arrest.

 Hypoparathyroidism

Narrator: "Inadvertent removal of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery is the most common cause of hypoparathyroidism. The lack of PTH causes low blood calcium levels, which can lead to neuromuscular symptoms such as tingling in the fingers and limbs, muscle cramps, cardiac arrhythmia, and tetany, which may result in death by asphyxiation."

List – Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms:

• Tingling in fingers and limbs.
• Muscle cramps.
• Cardiac arrhythmia.
• Tetany (possible death by asphyxiation).