Endocrine System 내분비계 Overview

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Overview of the Endocrine System

Narrator: "The organs of the endocrine system secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to assist in the regulation of various body functions. The endocrine gland discussed here is the pancreas."

• A human body is displayed, showing several internal organs, including the pancreas, visible beneath the skin and tissues.

Location and Dual Function of the Pancreas

Narrator: "The pancreas is an elongated organ situated between the duodenum of the small intestine and the spleen, inferior and posterior to the stomach. It is both an exocrine and endocrine gland."

• A detailed view of the pancreas' position is shown:
  • Centered in the body, partly in front of and behind the stomach.
  • To the left is the spleen, and to the right is the duodenum curving around it.
  • Two large blood vessels run behind the pancreas.

 Exocrine Function of the Pancreas

Narrator: "The pancreas consists primarily of exocrine acinar cells and their associated ducts. Organized in glandular clusters, pancreatic acini secrete enzyme-rich pancreatic juice via the pancreatic ducts into the duodenum to aid chemical digestion."

• A cross-sectional view of pancreatic cells highlights:
  • Exocrine acinar cells: Form rings around central ducts.
  • Ducts: Located at the center of pancreatic acini.
  • Pancreatic acini: Clusters of exocrine acinar cells and ducts.
  • Blood capillaries: Situated between pancreatic acini.
• Pancreatic juice flows through the ducts into the duodenum.

 Endocrine Function of the Pancreas

Narrator: "Scattered among the acini are small clusters of endocrine cells known as pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans. Each pancreatic islet contains four types of cells: alpha, beta, delta, and F cells that release hormones into the bloodstream.

• Alpha cells: Secrete glucagon to stimulate glucose release from the liver when blood glucose levels are low.
• Beta cells: Secrete insulin to promote nutrient absorption and storage when blood glucose levels are high.
• Delta cells: Produce somatostatin to inhibit insulin and glucagon release and slow digestive processes.
• F cells: Release pancreatic polypeptide to regulate somatostatin secretion.

Together, these hormones coordinate nutrient uptake and processing."

• The cross-sectional view highlights a pancreatic islet:
  • About 5–6 times larger than pancreatic acini.
• List – Pancreatic Islet Cells:
  • Alpha cells: Glucagon.
  • Beta cells: Insulin.
  • Delta cells: Somatostatin.
  • F cells: Pancreatic polypeptide.