ANEMIA (Eng/Kor) for NCLEX

ANEMIA 빈혈

1. Definition | 정의

EN:
Anemia is a condition where the body has low RBCs, low hemoglobin (Hgb), or both, resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity.

KR:
빈혈은 적혈구(RBC) 또는 헤모글로빈(Hgb) 수치가 낮아져 산소 운반 능력이 감소하는 상태입니다.

2. Causes | 원인

EN:

• Blood loss (trauma, GI bleed, menstruation)
• Decreased RBC production (nutrient deficiency, bone marrow failure)
• Increased RBC destruction (hemolysis)

KR:

• 출혈(외상, 위장관 출혈, 생리)
• 적혈구 생성 감소(영양 결핍, 골수 기능 저하)
• 적혈구 파괴 증가(용혈성 빈혈)

3. Types of Anemia | 빈혈 종류

1) Iron Deficiency Anemia (철 결핍성 빈혈)

• Most common type
• Caused by blood loss or low iron intake
• Labs: Low Hgb, low iron, low ferritin, high TIBC

Symptoms: fatigue, pallor, brittle nails, pica

Treatment: iron supplements, iron-rich diet

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2) Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia (비타민 B12 결핍성 빈혈)

• Caused by poor diet, malabsorption, or pernicious anemia
• Symptoms: neuropathy, paresthesia, glossitis
• Labs: high MCV (macrocytic anemia)

Treatment: B12 injections (IM)

3) Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia (엽산 결핍성 빈혈)

• Seen in alcoholism, malnutrition, pregnancy
• Symptoms: fatigue, pallor (NO neuropathy – key NCLEX!)
• Treatment: folic acid supplements

4) Aplastic Anemia (재생불량성 빈혈)

• Bone marrow failure → ↓ RBC, ↓ WBC, ↓ platelets
• Symptoms: infection, bleeding tendencies
• Treatment: bone marrow transplant, immunosuppressants

5) Hemolytic Anemia (용혈성 빈혈)

• RBCs destroyed faster than produced
• Causes: autoimmune, medications, transfusion reaction
• Symptoms: jaundice, dark urine, enlarged spleen
• Treatment: steroids, blood transfusion, treat cause

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. General Symptoms | 공통 증상

EN:

• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness
• Tachycardia
• Pale skin/mucosa

KR:

• 피로감
• 허약
• 호흡곤란
• 어지러움
• 빈맥
• 창백

 

5. Diagnostic Tests | 진단 검사

EN:

• CBC (Hgb, Hct)
• MCV (micro, normo, macrocytic classification)
• Iron panel (iron, ferritin, TIBC)
• Reticulocyte count
• B12 & folate levels

KR:

• CBC (헤모글로빈, 헤마토크릿)
• MCV로 빈혈 종류 분류
• 철 패널(iron, ferritin, TIBC)
• 망상적혈구 수
• B12, 엽산 수치

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6. Nursing Interventions | 간호중재

EN:

• Monitor vitals, especially HR (↑)
• Check for signs of bleeding
• Encourage high-iron foods
• Administer supplements as ordered
• Teach iron administration:
  • Take with vitamin C
  • Avoid taking with milk, antacids
  • Can cause black stools

KR:

• 활력징후 특히 빈맥 확인
• 출혈 여부 관찰
• 철분이 풍부한 음식 섭취 권장
• 처방받은 보조제 투여
• 철분 복용 교육:
  • 비타민 C와 함께 복용
  • 우유, 제산제와는 같이 복용 금지
  • 대변 색이 검게 변할 수 있음

7. NCLEX Key Points | 핵심 포인트

• Iron → take with vitamin C
• B12 anemia → neurologic symptoms + IM injections
• Folic acid anemia → NO neurologic symptoms
• Aplastic anemia → pancytopenia (↓ RBC, ↓ WBC, ↓ platelets)
• Hemolytic anemia → jaundice + ↑ bilirubin
• Avoid iron with antacids, calcium, dairy